Ranking nursing homes
U.S. News & World Report issues the best and worst nursing homes every year based on federal and state inspections, surveys, and required data on staffing. Here is the most recent article. The rankings are only as good as the investigators which in most cases is poor. On a given day, 1.5 million people are living in the nation's 16,000-plus nursing homes, and in a typical year more than 3.2 million Americans will spend at least some time in one.
The U.S. News rankings rely on Nursing Home Compare, a program run by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CMS analyzes information on all homes enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid. The homes also receive ratings of one to five stars in each of three areas: health inspections, nurse staffing, and measures of care.
At Nursing Home Compare, you can search for a specific home or for all homes in a particular state or within a certain distance of your city or ZIP code. But you can't assume that all five-star homes, or those with three or four stars, are of the same quality. There are so many homes in each rating—1,855 in the five-star and 3,661 in the four-star categories alone—that the range of performance is bound to be very wide. Nor can search terms be combined if, say, you want only five-star homes within 50 miles of a specific city.
America's Best Nursing Homes addresses these and other issues. Homes are presented in tiers within each star category, based on their total stars in all three of the major areas. The topmost tier, for example, consists only of five-star homes that got 15 stars. The next tier down is five-star homes with 14 total stars, and so on.
Here are more details about the measures that go into the CMS ratings.
Health inspections. Because almost all nursing homes accept Medicare or Medicaid residents, they are regulated by the federal government as well as by the states in which they operate. State survey teams conduct health inspections on behalf of CMS about every 12 to 15 months. They also investigate health-related complaints from residents, their families, and other members of the public. "Health" is broadly defined, as is evident in the 180-some items on the checklist. Besides such matters as safety of food preparation and adequacy of infection control, the list covers such issues as medication management, residents' rights and quality of life, and proper skin care. A home's rating is based on the number of deficiencies, their seriousness, and their scope, meaning the relative number of residents who were or could have been affected. Deficiencies are counted that were identified during the three most recent health inspections and in investigations of public complaints in that time frame. State inspectors also check for compliance with fire safety rules, although their findings do not factor into the CMS ratings.
Nurse staffing. Even the best nursing care is not enough if there are too few nurses to spend much time with residents, so CMS determines average nursing time per patient per day. Homes report the average number of registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and certified nurse aides who were on the payroll during the two weeks prior to the most recent health inspection and their number of hours worked. The information is compared with the average number of residents during the same period and crunched to determine the average number of minutes of nursing time residents got per day.
Quality measures. Nursing homes have to furnish the latest three quarters of clinical data showing the status of each individual Medicare and Medicaid resident in 19 indicators, such as the percentage of residents who had urinary tract infections or who were physically restrained to keep from falling from a bed or a chair. The Best Nursing Homes rankings and Nursing Home Compare display data for each home on all 19. The ratings, however, are based on 10 that are considered the most valid and reliable, such as the two above and measures related to pain, bedsores, and mobility.
